![]() Recent studies have estimated that the overall global prevalence of SCI is 20.6 million cases and 250,000 to 500,000 patients each year suffer from SCI. Deficits include chronic pain, loss of bladder control, respiratory system strain, and loss of motor function causing immobility below the injury level. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating affliction and results in a wide range of physical deficits, e.g., motor, sensory, and autonomic. ![]() This review focuses on cellular/molecular aspects of glial scar formation, and discusses advantages and disadvantages of strategies to promote regeneration after SCI. To overcome negative outcomes associated with scar formation, therapeutic strategies have been developed: the prevention of scar formation, the resolution of the developed scar, cell transplantation into the lesion, and endogenous cell reprogramming. While this physiological response preserves viable neural tissue, it is also detrimental to regeneration. The scar border is a physicochemical barrier composed of elongated astrocytes, fibroblasts, and microglia secreting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, collogen, and the dense extra-cellular matrix. The glial scar border forms to segregate the neural lesion and isolate spreading inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity at the injury epicenter to preserve surrounding healthy tissue. ![]() Detrimental cellular processes occur after SCI, including axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, reactive gliosis, and scar formation. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex tissue injury resulting in permanent and degenerating damage to the central nervous system (CNS). ![]()
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